This is something to do with pressing the ' (apostrophe) key. On my keyboard it is next to the # key.
You've openend up the console-command screen/box. Just press the same button again and it will disappear. The button is the very first button on the keyboard where the number keys are. It is before the "1" key. I don't think rFactor 2 actually makes use of the console yet (like tons of other games do) but I'm guessing/hoping that ISI will be implementing it soon, and I'm extremely glad to see this option finally come about. Perhaps we'll be able to edit player file and controller file values/settings without having to literally exit the game, go into notepad, etc. etc. The console is used in tons of games, and pretty much belongs in a highly customizable game like rFactor 2. I can't wait for it to become useful.